(1)SCN−可以作为植物的“潜在氮源”
土壤肥料(有机氮和无机氮)矿化、固氮菌对空气中氮气的固定是植物获取氮素的主要来源[1]。近年来,含氮污染物的不断输入为区域农业生态安全带来了新的挑战,其中可生物代谢的污染物(如SCN−)做为植物生长“潜在氮源”的研究为污染物的资源化利用提供了非常好的应用前景[2,3]。研究发现:水稻中13C和15N含量随着KS13C15N暴露浓度的 增加而增加,“CNO途径”和“COS途径”是水稻中SCN−代谢的主要途径,其代谢产物NH3可参与植物氨基酸循环[2,3];研究NO3-和NH4+培育的水稻对SCN−代谢、N吸收转运和代谢、N利用效率和生物量累积的影响,发现SCN−作为NO3-培育水稻幼苗生长辅助氮源的效果优于NH4+,NO3-对SCN−胁迫水稻生物量累积的促进作用强于NH4+[4]。这些研究均证实了SCN−作为水稻生长“潜在氮源”的可能性。但是近期的研究也证实:较高浓度SCN− (>96 mgSCN/L)会造成水稻体内碳氮代谢失衡,影响作物生长发育[5]。
(2)外源H2S对污染胁迫下植物碳同化的调节作用
H2S可通过直接和间接作用降低污染胁迫(主要是重金属和有机污染物)对植物光合 固碳系统的影响。直接作用主要包括:(1)H2S作为还原剂直接清除ROS(如H2O2、O2·-、OH·),降低ROS在叶绿体内和其他细胞器的累积,减少ROS对光合系统的影响[6,7,8]。(2)H2S可以对叶绿体内蛋白活性Cys残基进行巯基化修饰,介导植物光合系统对污染胁迫的适应[6,9]。间接作用主要包括:(1)H2S通过调节细胞内酶类抗氧化物(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶)活性和非酶类抗氧化物(谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸、酚类化合物、黄酮化合物和花青素)含量,降低ROS累积,进而缓解氧化胁迫对光合系统的损伤[10-12] ;(2)H2S可以显著提高植物净光合速率、电子 传递效率、叶绿素含量,上调RuBisCO和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)基因表达水平,提高 RuBisCO 羧化效率,从而促进污染胁迫植物的光能利用效率和光合固碳效率[13,14]。研究发现:外源H2S可以加速SCN−胁迫水稻光合PSII修复周期中磷酸化、去磷酸化和新合成的D1蛋白过程来增加D1蛋白的周转速度,从而减轻SCN−对D1蛋白的破坏,提高水稻光 合固碳效率[15]。然而,外源H2S如何介导SCN−胁迫下水稻光合天线系统的优化?如何改善RuBisCO的光合固碳效率?这些过程的调控机制亟待系统深入地进行专题研究。
(3)外源H2S对污染胁迫下植物“氮泵”RuBisCO的调控
碳氮代谢是各种生物生存和生长所必须的,而植物通过精细调控碳氮代谢平衡来适应不同的生长环境。RuBisCO不仅是植物光合作用反应固定CO2的关键酶,也是植物体内含量最丰富的蛋白质。然而,RuBisCO每秒大约只能羧化3.3个1,5-二磷酸核酮糖(Rubp),其效率之低在植物酶促反应中也极为少见[16,17]。植物为了弥补RuBisCO催化效率低的问 题而将叶片中50%的氮用来合成RuBisCO,导致植物氮素(NO3-和NH4+)利用效率较低[16,17]。正常情况下,RuBisCO 能够利用CO2生成3-磷酸甘油酸,并进入三羧酸循环生 成α-酮戊二酸(2-OG),而2-OG可以作为碳骨架与氮源进一步合成氨基酸等重要分子。污染胁迫导致CO2利用效率降低,RuBisCO则利用O2生成2-磷酸乙醇酸(2-PG),从而进一步加剧碳氮失衡[18]。研究发现:外源H2S不仅能够增加胞间CO2浓度,提高 RuBisCO 对CO2的催化效率,增加非结构性碳水化合物合成,还能使更多的氮分配到 其他组织,提高植物的氮素利用效率[15,19,20]。外源H2S能促进植物的光合作用及其对 NO3-的吸收,使低N条件下植株干物质量增加,显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮及叶 绿素含量。外源H2S处理后,低N水平下叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS) 以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性显著增加[21]。此外,基质中pH、Mg2+、RuBisCO 活化酶(RCA)的浓度也是RuBisCO的重要调节物质。
参考文献:
[1]BUTTERLY C R, ARMSTRONG R, CHEN D, et al. Carbon and nitrogen partitioning of wheat and field pea grown with two nitrogen levels under elevated CO2 [J]. Plant and Soil, 2015, 391(1-2): 367-82.
[2]XIAO-ZHANG Y, FU-ZHONG Z. Effects of exogenous thiocyanate on mineral nutrients, antioxidative responses and free amino acids in rice seedlings [J]. Ecotoxicology (London, England), 2013, 22(4): 752-60.
[3]XIAO-ZHANG Y, YU-JUAN L, PING-PING S, et al. Molecular evidences on transport of thiocyanate into rice seedlings and assimilation by 13C and 15N labelling and gene expression analyses [J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2019, 139: 11-7.
[4]YUJUAN L, YUXI F, XIAOZHANG Y. The importance of utilizing nitrate (NO3-) over ammonium (NH4+) as nitrogen source during detoxification of exogenous thiocyanate (SCN-) in Oryza sativa [J]. Environmental science and pollution research international, 2022, 29(4): 5622-33.
[5]XI F Y, LI Y, JUAN L Y, et al. Merging the occurrence possibility into gene co-expression network deciphers the importance of exogenous 2-oxoglutarate in improving the growth of rice seedlings under thiocyanate stress [J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2023, 14: 1086098-.
[6]GOTOR C, GARCíA I, AROCA Á, et al. Signaling by hydrogen sulfide and cyanide through post-translational modification [J]. Journal of experimental botany, 2019, 70(16): 4251-65.
[7]JUAN C, FEI-HUA W, YU-TING S, et al. Hydrogen sulphide improves adaptation of Zea mays seedlings to iron deficiency [J]. Journal of experimental botany, 2015, 66(21): 6605-22..
[8]BANERJEE A, TRIPATHI D K, ROYCHOUDHURY A. Hydrogen sulphide trapeze: Environmental stress amelioration and phytohormone crosstalk [J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018, 132: 46-53.
[9]BEGARA-MORALES J C, SáNCHEZ-CALVO B, CHAKI M, et al. Antioxidant Systems are Regulated by Nitric Oxide-Mediated Post-translational Modifications (NO-PTMs) [J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016, 7: 152.
[10]FANG H, JING T, LIU Z, et al. Hydrogen sulfide interacts with calcium signaling to enhance the chromium tolerance in Setaria italica [J]. Cell Calcium,2014,56(6):472-81.
[11]SINGH V P,SINGH S,KUMAR J,et al.Hydrogen sulfide alleviates toxic effects of arsenate in pea seedlings through up-regulation of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle: Possible involvement of nitric oxide[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2015,181:20-9.
[12]SIMRANJEET S,VIJAY K,DHRITI K,et al.Revealing on hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide signals co-ordination for plant growth under stress conditions[J].Physiologia plantarum,2020,168(2): 301-17.
[13]DUAN B,MAY,JIANG M,et al. Improvement of photosynthesis in rice(Oryza sativa L.)as a result of an increase in stomatal aperture and density by exogenous hydrogen sulfide treatment[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2015,75(1):33-44.
[14]LIUF,ZHANGX,CAIB, et al. Physiological response and transcription profiling analysis reveal the role of glutathione in H2S-induced chilling stress tolerance of cucumber seedlings [J].Plant Science,2020,291:110363.
[15]LI Y, YU-XI F, YU-JUAN L, et al. Comparative effects of sodium hydrosulfide and proline on functional repair in rice chloroplast through the D1 protein and thioredoxin system under simulated thiocyanate pollution [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 284: 131389-.
[16]SPREITZER R J, SALVUCCI M E. Rubisco: Structure, regulatory inter-actions, and possibilities for a better enzyme [J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2002, 53: 449-75.
[17]ELLIS R J. The most abundant protein in the world[J].Trends in Biochemical Sciences,1979, 4:241-4.
[18]YONG-LIANGJ, XUE-PINGW,HUIS, et al. Coordinating carbon and nitrogen metabolic signaling through the cyanobacterial global repressor NdhR [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ,2018,115(2):403-8.
[19]DRAKEBG,GONZALEZ-MELERMA,LONGSP.Moreefficientplants:aconsequenceof rising atmospheric CO2? [J]. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1997, 48:609-39.
[20]JUANC, FEI-HUAW, WEN-HUAW, et al. Hydrogen sulphide enhances photosynthesis through promoting chloroplast biogenesis, photosynthetic enzyme expression, and thiol redox modification in Spinacia oleracea seedlings[J].Journal of experimental botany,2011,62(13):4481-93.
[21]杨菲,陆巍.低氮水平下H2S对小麦硝态氮吸收的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(10): 1413-9.